《风景园林》2023-08刊首语 | 郑曦：公共空间更新设计

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第8期 P8-9

公共空间更新设计

Renewal Design of Public Space

公共空间是城市结构的重要组成。中国传统城市的特点是合院的院落与自然的联系，院落之间也相互连接。这些庭院既是家庭的私人空间，也是社交聚会和社区活动的半公共区域。庭院以精心设计的自然与人文景观为特色，如假山、水景、植物和描述景致的楹联匾额。从庭院到街巷、集市、运河与众多的桥畔环境，再到城外的名胜，形成城市中的自然和自然中的景致一以贯之的相通体系，公共生活显然是贯穿其中的，“东园载酒西园醉，南陌寻花北陌归”（《耦园》），“暮春之初，会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。群贤毕至，少长咸集”（《兰亭集序》），公共性体现在城内外生活的不同场景里，不管它的性质是庭院、市肆还是名胜，总体来说都是聚会的场所、生活的场所。

城市公共空间的起源、发展和演变受到各种历史、社会和文化因素的影响。公共广场、市场已经是古代城市的中心，是社会互动、贸易、治理和文化活动的场所。这些空间反映了当时的社会结构，古希腊“Agorá”是聚会和活动发生的物理空间，从而成为古希腊社会“公共空间”概念的代名词，是城邦市民生活的重要组成部分，为社区互动和思想交流提供了空间，塑造了社会结构和公共身份。在中世纪时期，城市公共空间仍然是必不可少的，城镇广场是社区活动和贸易的聚集地。随着文艺复兴和启蒙运动，公共空间的设计更加注重美学、对称和人文主义。工业革命给城市带来了巨大的变化，城市化导致过度拥挤和恶劣的生活条件，促使需要进行公共卫生和社会改革。作为对这些挑战的回应，公共公园的创建提供了放松和娱乐的绿色空间。19世纪公共空间的设计强调秩序、卫生和高效的交通。现代主义极大地影响了20世纪的城市规划，重点是空间的功能分离，从而创建了专门的住房、工作和娱乐区域。然而，其中一些规划策略导致了孤立和不连贯的公共空间。20世纪后期，规划策略更具包容性和参与性，场所营造成为一个重要的概念，强调社区参与设计和振兴公共空间，目标是创造更有活力、更便利、更人性化的城市空间。近年来，人们越来越重视可持续城市发展和应对气候变化的复原力。城市公共空间的演变反映了历史上不断变化的社会需求、价值观和意识形态。从古老的聚会场所到现代、包容和可持续的空间，公共区域仍然是促进社区、文化和城市生活的重要元素。

公共空间是城市的起居室，是人们聚集和联系的地方。随着城市的不断发展和变化，公共空间更新对城市结构性更新影响显著，是提高城市环境宜居性和功能性的关键策略。通过城市公共空间系统的更新可以创造更好的城市形态，如将绿色基础设施整合到公共空间更新规划中；提高城市的生物多样性，改善空气质量，为人们创造在城市环境中与自然联系的机会，创造一个平衡的城市生态系统；设计以步行性和主动交通为重点的公共空间系统；鼓励公共参与，共治共享，参与的居民更有可能重视和照顾更新的公共空间，培养一种自然与城市共存的管理意识。通过整合这些策略，城市公共空间的更新可以促进自然与城市的和谐共存。

公共空间是我们这个时代的集市，是所有社会、政治和经济生活发生的地方，公共空间的设计应该激励、吸引使用它们的人并改善人的生活品质。面向未来的城市，公共空间将转变为智能和互联的环境，先进的数字基础设施将无缝集成到这些空间中，使它们更具互动性、响应性和信息性。未来的智能互联公共空间将是动态的和适应性的，以满足城市社区的不同需求和偏好，增强城市体验。公共空间的更新设计可以成为一个更具活力、可持续和包容性的未来城市的催化剂。

Public space is an important component of urban fabrics. Traditional Chinese cities feature connections between compound courtyards and nature, with the connection between such courtyards as well. The courtyards serve both as private spaces for families and semi-public areas for social gatherings and community activities. The courtyards are characterized by elaborately designed natural and humanistic landscapes, such as rockeries, water features, plants, and scenery-describing couplets and plaques. Ranging from courtyards to streets and markets, and from canals to numerous bridge-side environments and further to out-of-town scenic areas, many coherent and interconnected systems are established for nature in cities as well as for sceneries in nature. Obviously, public life goes throughout them. “Get drunk in the garden from east to the west, and seek flowers all the way from south to the north” (Couple’s Retreat Garden). “At the beginning of the late spring, I met at Lanting Pavilion in the north side of Shanyin city, Kuaiji County for the ceremony of purification. All celebrities came, so did children and their fathers” (The Orchid Pavilion Preface). Therefore, the public natural space is showcased in different scenes of life both inside and outside cities, no matter whether their property is a courtyard, or a marketplace or a scenic area. Generally, they are an avenue of gathering and a place of life.

The origin, development and evolution of urban public space are subject to the influence of various historical, social and cultural factors. Public squares and markets were already the center of ancient cities, as well as the location for social interaction, trade, governance and cultural activities. These spaces reflected the then-current social structure. “Agorá” in the ancient Greece was a physical space for gatherings and events to take place, thus becoming synonymous with the concept of “public space” in ancient Greek society. It was an important part of the civic life of the city-states, providing a room for community interactions and idea exchanges, while shaping the social structures and public identities. In the medieval period, urban public space remained essential, and town squares were the gathering places for community events and trades. With the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, the design of public spaces attached more emphases on aesthetics, symmetry and humanism. The Industrial Revolution delivered huge changes to cities, but urbanization has led to overcrowding and poor living conditions, driving the need for public health and social reforms. In response to these challenges, public parks were created to provide green spaces for relaxation and amusement. The design of public spaces in the 19th century emphasized order, hygiene and efficient transportation. Modernism influenced the urban planning in the 20th century，with focuses on the functional separation of spaces, specialized areas for housing, work and entertainment were created. However, some of these planning strategies resulted in isolated and incoherent public spaces. In the late 20th century, planning was shifted to certain more inclusive and participatory approaches, place-making became an important concept, which stressed communities’ involvement in the design and revitalization of public spaces. The purpose was to create more vibrant, convenient and humane urban areas. Over recent years, people have paid increasingly more attention to sustainable urban development as well as resilience in response to climate change. The evolution of urban public space maps the ever-changing social needs, values and ideologies along the history. Developing from ancient meeting places to modern, inclusive and sustainable spaces, public areas remain an important element to facilitate communities, cultures and urban life.

Public spaces are the living rooms of our cities, as well as the place for people to gather and get connected. As cities continue to grow and change, the renewal of public spaces delivers a significant impact on the structural update of cities, while becoming a key strategy for improving the livability and functionality of urban environments. Through the renewal of urban public space systems, better urban forms can be forged. For example, green infrastructure can be integrated into the renewal planning of public spaces. Urban biodiversity and air quality can be enhanced, opportunities can be provided for people to connect with nature in the urban environment; and a balanced urban ecosystem can be created. Public space systems with a focus on walkability and active transport shall be designed. Encouraged for public engagements and shared governance and enjoyment, the participatory residents are more likely to value and care for the renewed public spaces and foster a management sense based on coexistence of nature and cities. By integrating these strategies, the renewal of urban public spaces can promote the harmonious coexistence of nature and cities. 

Public spaces are the bazaars of this time, where all social, political and economic life takes place. The design of public spaces should motivate, engage and improve the lives quality of those who use them. In the future-oriented cities, public spaces will be transformed into smart and inter-connected environments, where advanced digital infrastructure will be seamlessly integrated, so that they get more interactive, responsive and informative. In the future, the smart and inter-connected public spaces will be dynamic and adaptive, so as to meet the diverse needs and preferences of urban communities and boost urban experience. The renewal design of public spaces can be a catalyst for more vibrant, sustainable and inclusive cities of the future.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

2023年8月1日

August 1, 2023

完整深度阅读请参看《风景园林》2023年8期

扫描下方二维码或点击阅读原文进入店铺购买

微信编辑 刘芝若

微信校对 李清清

审核 曹娟

声明

本文版权归本文作者所有

未经允许禁止转载

如需转载请与后台联系

欢迎转发